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Moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) is a type of wastewater treatment process that was first invented by Professor Hallvard Ødegaard at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in the late 1980s.[1] The process takes place in an aeration tank with activated sludge and uses floating, recycled plastic carriers that a biofilm can grow on. The compact size and low wastewater treatment costs offer many advantages for the system. The main objective of using MBBR is water reuse and the removal or recovery of nutrients. In theory, wastewater can no longer be considered waste but rather a resource.
Due to early issues with biofilm reactors, like hydraulic instability and uneven biofilm distribution, moving bed biofilm technology was developed.
The MBBR system consists of an aeration tank (similar to an activated sludge tank) with special plastic carriers that provide a surface where a biofilm can grow. There is a wide variety of plastic carriers used in these systems. These carriers vary in surface area and in shape, each offering different advantages and disadvantages.
A large internal surface area is crucial for contact with water, air, bacteria, and nutrients in biofilm formation. Therefore, free-floating carriers play a very important role as they allow biofilms to form on the surface. The carriers, when mixed in the tank by the aeration system, ensure good contact between the substrate in the influent wastewater and the biomass on the carriers. This mixing promotes efficient pollutant removal and the breakdown of organic compounds present in the wastewater.
To achieve a higher concentration of biomass in the bioreactors, hybrid MBBR systems have been used where both suspended and attached biomass coexist, contributing to biological processes. Currently, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) is the most preferable material due to its plasticity, density, and durability.
Large specific surface area, more attached microorganisms
No need bracket, easy to fluidize, save energy
Fast and easily to hang membrane, high biological activity
Strong impact resistance, long lifetime
Excellent nitrogen and phosphorus removal effect
Small footprint, simple and flexible operation management
Good hydrophilicity, good treatment effect
Relying on biofilm treatment, reduces the remaining sludge
MBBR technology is currently used in various industries for wastewater treatment, including municipal sewage treatment, industrial wastewater treatment, and decentralized wastewater treatment. It has found applications in a wide range of sectors, including:
The MBBR system, along with other conventional biofilm processes for wastewater treatment such as trickling filters, rotating biological contactors (RBC), and biological aerated filters (BAF), is classified as a biological or biofilm-based process. These processes rely on the growth of microorganisms in biofilms to degrade organic matter and remove pollutants from wastewater.
In general, biofilm processes require less space than activated sludge systems due to the higher concentration of biomass and reduced dependency on final sludge separation. Unlike activated sludge systems, MBBR systems do not require sludge recycling.
The MBBR system is commonly used as a retrofit for existing activated sludge tanks to enhance the capacity of the system. The filling degree of the carriers can be adjusted according to the specific situation and desired capacity. This allows treatment plants to increase their capacity without expanding the footprint by constructing new tanks.
Some other advantages are:
Higher effective sludge retention time (SRT) which is favorable for nitrification
Without operator intervention, the MBBR system responds to load fluctuations.
Lower sludge production
Less area required
Resilient to toxic shock
Process performance independent of secondary clarifier (due to the fact that there is no sludge return line).
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